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For these animals, there is documented evidence of homosexual behavior of one or more of the following kinds: sex, courtship, affection, pair bonding, or parenting, as noted in researcher and author Bruce Bagemihl's 1999 book ''Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity''. Bagemihl writes that the presence of same-sex sexual behavior was not 'officially' observed on a large scale until the 1990s due to possible observer bias caused by social attitudes towards LGBT people, making the homosexual theme taboo.〔Bagemihl (1999)〕〔News-medical.net (2006)〕 Bagemihl devotes three chapters; ''Two Hundred Years at Looking at Homosexual Wildlife'', ''Explaining (Away) Animal Homosexuality'' and ''Not For Breeding Only'' in his 1999 book ''Biological Exuberance'' to the "documentation of systematic prejudices" where he notes "the ''present ignorance'' of biology lies precisely in its single-minded attempt to find reproductive (or other) "explanations" for homosexuality, transgender, and non-procreative and alternative heterosexualities.〔Bagemihl (1999) page 213〕 Petter Bøckman, academic adviser for the ''Against Nature?'' exhibit stated "()any researchers have described homosexuality as something altogether different from sex. They must realise that animals can have sex with who they will, when they will and without consideration to a researcher's ethical principles". Homosexual behavior is found amongst social birds and mammals, particularly the sea mammals and the primates.〔 Animal sexual behavior takes many different forms, even within the same species and the motivations for and implications of their behaviors have yet to be fully understood. Bagemihl's research shows that homosexual behavior, not necessarily sex, has been documented in about 500 species as of 1999, ranging from primates to gut worms.〔Bagemihl (1999)〕〔Harrold (1999)〕 Homosexuality in animals is seen as controversial by social conservatives because it asserts the naturalness of homosexuality in humans, while others counter that it has no implications and is nonsensical to equate animal behavior to morality.〔Solimeo (2004)〕〔Solimeo (2004b)〕 Animal preference and motivation is always inferred from behavior. Thus homosexual behavior has been given a number of terms over the years. The correct usage of the term ''homosexual'' is that an animal ''exhibits homosexual behavior'', however this article conforms to the usage by modern research〔Bagemihl (1999) pages 122-166〕〔Roughgarden (2004) pp.13-183〕〔Vasey (1995) pages 173-204〕〔Sommer & Vasey (2006)〕 applying the term ''homosexuality'' to all sexual behavior (copulation, genital stimulation, mating games and sexual display behavior) between animals of the same sex. ==Mammals== (詳細はBison〔Bagemihl (1999) page 405〕 *Brown bear〔Bagemihl (1999) page 441〕 *Brown rat〔Bagemihl (1999) page 469〕 *Cavy〔Bagemihl (1999) page 469〕 *Caribou〔Bagemihl (1999) pages 388,389〕 *Cat (domestic)〔Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 88〕 *Cattle (domestic)〔Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 82, 89〕 *Chimpanzee〔de Waal (2001)〕〔Liggett (1997–2006)〕〔Imaginova (2007j)〕〔Bagemihl (1999) pages 276–279〕 *Common dolphin〔Bagemihl (1999) page 339〕 *Common marmoset〔Bagemihl (1999) page 334〕 *Dog〔Bagemihl (1999) pages 310, 314〕 *Elephant〔Bagemihl (1999) page 427〕 *Fox〔Bagemihl (1999) pages 218, 231, 317〕 *Giraffe〔〔Bagemihl (1999) page 391〕〔Imaginova (2007d)〕 *Goat〔 *Horse (domestic)〔Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 165, 205, 226, 231〕 *Human〔Bagemihl (1999) page 432〕〔Wellings, K., Field, J., Johnson, A., & Wadsworth, J. (1994). ''Sexual behavior in Britain: The national survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyles.'' London, UK: Penguin Books.〕 *Koala〔Bagemihl (1999) page 455-457〕 *Lion〔Bagemihl (1999) page 432〕 *Orca〔Bagemihl (1999) page 339〕 *Raccoon〔Bagemihl (1999) page 448〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of animals displaying homosexual behavior」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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